Robust Linear Models

[1]:
%matplotlib inline
[2]:
import numpy as np
import statsmodels.api as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from statsmodels.sandbox.regression.predstd import wls_prediction_std

Estimation

Load data:

[3]:
data = sm.datasets.stackloss.load(as_pandas=False)
data.exog = sm.add_constant(data.exog)

Huber’s T norm with the (default) median absolute deviation scaling

[4]:
huber_t = sm.RLM(data.endog, data.exog, M=sm.robust.norms.HuberT())
hub_results = huber_t.fit()
print(hub_results.params)
print(hub_results.bse)
print(hub_results.summary(yname='y',
            xname=['var_%d' % i for i in range(len(hub_results.params))]))
[-41.02649835   0.82938433   0.92606597  -0.12784672]
[9.79189854 0.11100521 0.30293016 0.12864961]
                    Robust linear Model Regression Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable:                      y   No. Observations:                   21
Model:                            RLM   Df Residuals:                       17
Method:                          IRLS   Df Model:                            3
Norm:                          HuberT
Scale Est.:                       mad
Cov Type:                          H1
Date:                Sat, 06 Feb 2021
Time:                        16:48:16
No. Iterations:                    19
==============================================================================
                 coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
var_0        -41.0265      9.792     -4.190      0.000     -60.218     -21.835
var_1          0.8294      0.111      7.472      0.000       0.612       1.047
var_2          0.9261      0.303      3.057      0.002       0.332       1.520
var_3         -0.1278      0.129     -0.994      0.320      -0.380       0.124
==============================================================================

If the model instance has been used for another fit with different fit parameters, then the fit options might not be the correct ones anymore .

Huber’s T norm with ‘H2’ covariance matrix

[5]:
hub_results2 = huber_t.fit(cov="H2")
print(hub_results2.params)
print(hub_results2.bse)
[-41.02649835   0.82938433   0.92606597  -0.12784672]
[9.08950419 0.11945975 0.32235497 0.11796313]

Andrew’s Wave norm with Huber’s Proposal 2 scaling and ‘H3’ covariance matrix

[6]:
andrew_mod = sm.RLM(data.endog, data.exog, M=sm.robust.norms.AndrewWave())
andrew_results = andrew_mod.fit(scale_est=sm.robust.scale.HuberScale(), cov="H3")
print('Parameters: ', andrew_results.params)
Parameters:  [-40.8817957    0.79276138   1.04857556  -0.13360865]

See help(sm.RLM.fit) for more options and module sm.robust.scale for scale options

Comparing OLS and RLM

Artificial data with outliers:

[7]:
nsample = 50
x1 = np.linspace(0, 20, nsample)
X = np.column_stack((x1, (x1-5)**2))
X = sm.add_constant(X)
sig = 0.3   # smaller error variance makes OLS<->RLM contrast bigger
beta = [5, 0.5, -0.0]
y_true2 = np.dot(X, beta)
y2 = y_true2 + sig*1. * np.random.normal(size=nsample)
y2[[39,41,43,45,48]] -= 5   # add some outliers (10% of nsample)

Example 1: quadratic function with linear truth

Note that the quadratic term in OLS regression will capture outlier effects.

[8]:
res = sm.OLS(y2, X).fit()
print(res.params)
print(res.bse)
print(res.predict())
[ 5.33124296  0.47687594 -0.0092085 ]
[0.42949226 0.06630781 0.00586722]
[ 5.10103042  5.33172527  5.5593519   5.7839103   6.00540049  6.22382245
  6.43917619  6.6514617   6.860679    7.06682807  7.26990892  7.46992155
  7.66686595  7.86074214  8.0515501   8.23928984  8.42396136  8.60556465
  8.78409973  8.95956658  9.13196521  9.30129562  9.4675578   9.63075176
  9.7908775   9.94793502 10.10192432 10.25284539 10.40069825 10.54548288
 10.68719928 10.82584747 10.96142743 11.09393918 11.2233827  11.34975799
 11.47306507 11.59330392 11.71047455 11.82457696 11.93561115 12.04357712
 12.14847486 12.25030438 12.34906568 12.44475875 12.53738361 12.62694024
 12.71342865 12.79684884]

Estimate RLM:

[9]:
resrlm = sm.RLM(y2, X).fit()
print(resrlm.params)
print(resrlm.bse)
[5.29712723e+00 4.62931731e-01 9.48040307e-05]
[0.14898138 0.02300071 0.00203521]

Draw a plot to compare OLS estimates to the robust estimates:

[10]:
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.plot(x1, y2, 'o',label="data")
ax.plot(x1, y_true2, 'b-', label="True")
prstd, iv_l, iv_u = wls_prediction_std(res)
ax.plot(x1, res.fittedvalues, 'r-', label="OLS")
ax.plot(x1, iv_u, 'r--')
ax.plot(x1, iv_l, 'r--')
ax.plot(x1, resrlm.fittedvalues, 'g.-', label="RLM")
ax.legend(loc="best")
[10]:
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7f0af37c6d60>
../../../_images/examples_notebooks_generated_robust_models_0_18_1.png

Example 2: linear function with linear truth

Fit a new OLS model using only the linear term and the constant:

[11]:
X2 = X[:,[0,1]]
res2 = sm.OLS(y2, X2).fit()
print(res2.params)
print(res2.bse)
[5.70240196 0.38479092]
[0.36394648 0.0313591 ]

Estimate RLM:

[12]:
resrlm2 = sm.RLM(y2, X2).fit()
print(resrlm2.params)
print(resrlm2.bse)
[5.29348084 0.46383029]
[0.12271577 0.01057369]

Draw a plot to compare OLS estimates to the robust estimates:

[13]:
prstd, iv_l, iv_u = wls_prediction_std(res2)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8,6))
ax.plot(x1, y2, 'o', label="data")
ax.plot(x1, y_true2, 'b-', label="True")
ax.plot(x1, res2.fittedvalues, 'r-', label="OLS")
ax.plot(x1, iv_u, 'r--')
ax.plot(x1, iv_l, 'r--')
ax.plot(x1, resrlm2.fittedvalues, 'g.-', label="RLM")
legend = ax.legend(loc="best")
../../../_images/examples_notebooks_generated_robust_models_0_24_0.png